Abstract Background Mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) have emerged as a promising new therapeutic strategy for intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). However. the drawbacks of MSCs. including their invasive access. https://safeersappliancers.shop/product-category/siemens-kg39nxi35-freestanding-fridge-freezer-stainless-steel/