Abstract Background Betaine. an osmoprotective compatible solute. has been used to improve l-threonine production in engineered Escherichia coli l-threonine producer. Betaine supplementation upregulates the expression of zwf encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. https://lecoureures.shop/product-category/course-a-pied-femme-vetements-short-cuissard/