Abstract Background Food-grade TiO2 (E171 in the EU) is widely used as a coloring agent in foodstuffs. including sweets. Chronic dietary exposure raises concerns for human health due to proinflammatory properties and the ability to induce and promote preneoplastic lesions in the rodent gut. Characterization of intestinal TiO2 uptake is essential for assessing the health risk in humans. https://ashleyshomestores.shop/product-category/dishwasher-cleaner/